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Grains Research & Development Corporation

Invertebrate Pests

Invertebrate Pests

The GRDC has key investments in invertebrate pests. These include:

National Invertebrate Pest Initiative (NIPI)

Information on invertebrate pests are as follows:
Handy Links

Moths, Butterflies and Catepillars

Armyworms
Helicoverpa/Heliothis
Webworms
Cutworms
Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella)
Etiella Moth

Updated Links

Invertebrate Pests of Grain Crops and Integrated Management: Current Practice and Prospects for the Future

New Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) Factsheet

Handy Links

The Beat Sheet – IPM News

How many is too many? Insect control thresholds

Sorghum insect pest photo gallery

Invertebrate Pests of Grain Crops and Integrated Management: Current Practice and Prospects for the Future

Moths, butterflies and caterpillars

Invertebrate type	GRDC Projects	Publications/Useful links	Further Information
Armyworms (Common, Northern, Sugarcane, Dayfeeding, Lawn, Lesser) Mythimna convecta, Mythimna separate, Leucania stenographa, Spodoptera exempta, Spodoptera mauritia, Spodoptera exigua	DAQ00074 - Facilitating adoption of IPM in northern region broadacre farming systems	Armyworm control in cereals Armyworms Armyworms Information on the three common species of armyworm found in southern Australia: Common armyworm (Mythimna convecta) Southern armyworm (Persectania ewingii) Inland armyworm (Persectania dyscrita) Armyworm in Cereal Crops Common armyworm in winter cereals	Broadley RH (1979). Armyworms in southern Queensland field crops. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 105: 433-443. Broadley RH (1978). The dayfeeding armyworm in north Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 104: 27-30. Broadley RH (1986). Parasitism of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in South East Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25: 61-62. Broadley RH (1978). The lawn armyworm, a serious rural and urban pest. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 104: 232-235 Broadley R and Elder R (2007). Dayfeeding armyworm in pasture, maize and sorghum. QLD Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. <http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3324.html> Broadley R and Elder R (2006). Common, northern and sugar-cane armyworms in pasture, and winter cereals, maize and sorghum. QLD Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. <http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3250.html> Del Socorro AP and Gregg PC (1997) Calling behaviour in Mythimna convecta females under different temperature and photoperiodic conditions. Physiological Entomology, 22: 20-28. Edwards ED (1992). A second sugarcane armyworm (Leucania loreyi (Duponchel)) from Australia and the identity of L. loreyimima Rungs (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Australian Entomological Society, 31: 105-108. McDonald G (1991a). Oviposition and larval dispersal of the common armyworm, Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Australian Journal of Ecology, 16: 385-393. McDonald G (1991b). Development and survival of Mythimna convecta (Walker) and Persectania ewingii (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cereal and grass hosts. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 30: 295-302. McDonald G and Smith AM (1986). The incidence and distribution of the armyworms Mythimna convecta (Walker) and Persectania spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their parasitoids in major agricultural districts of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 76: 199-210. Learmonth SE (1981a). Exotic parasite helps control Ord armyworms. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia, 22: 59. Liu DL and Allsopp PG (1996). QCANE and armyworms: to spray or not to spray, that is the question. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugarcane Technologists, 18: 106-112. McDonald G (1995). Insect migration in an arid continent. 1. The common armyworm Mythimna convecta in eastern Australia. In: Insect Migration: Tracking Resources Through Space and Time, Drake VA and Gatehouse AG (eds), Cambridge University Press, New York. pp 131-150. Smith AM (1984). Larval instar determination and temperature-development studies of immature stages of the common armyworm, Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 23: 91-97 Woods W, Lawrence PJ and Booth P (1980). Armyworm: a damaging pest of coarse grain on the south coast. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia, 21: 22-25.
Helicoverpa/Heliothis H. armigera and H. punctigera	DAV 17G - Developing efficient management procedures for control of budworm in field peas. Australia UQ00036 -Trichogramma incidence in grains and cotton growing regions of Australia - consequences for helicoverpa management CSE180 -Identification of helicoverpa resistance in wild species of chickpeas DAQ00074 -Facilitating IPM adoption in northern region broadacre farming systems DAQ00062 -Cloning of an insect resistance gene from sorghum DAQ00086 Integrated pest management for pulses in northern Australia - sustainable production in a changing cropping environment	Native budworm Helicoverpa Management in Chickpeas IPM - Understanding helicoverpa ecology and biology in southern Queensland: Know the enemy to manage it better Trap-cropping: a fad or a useful helicoverpa management tool? Heliothis (Helicoverpa spp.) in field crops Pupae busting: chemical free heliothis control Lesser Budworm Native budworm Egg parasitoids of heliothis Heliothis Resistance Management Strategy for grain and annual horticultural crops – southern NSW and northern Victoria IPM - Microplitis demolitor and ascovirus: important natural enemies of Helicoverpa. Parasitoids: Natural enemies of helicoverpa. IPM - Using NPV to manage helicoverpa in field crops. The migration systems of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia	Akurst R (1999). Heliothis resistance to Ingard cotton. Australian Cottongrower, 20: 10-14. Asgari S (2006). Replication of Heliothis virescens ascovirus in insect cell lines. Archives of Virology, 151: 1689-1699. Betts MD, Gregg PC, Fitt GP and MacQuillan MJ (1992). Mating disruption for Heliothis: a feasible option? In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1992. Surfers Paradise. pp 283-288. Betts MD and Gregg PC (1993). A field trial of mating disruption for Helicoverpa spp. in cotton. In Corey SA, Dall DJ and Milne WM (Eds) Pest control and Sustainable Agriculture. CSIRO, Canberra. pp 298-300. Betts MD, Gregg PC, Fitt GP and MacQuillan MJ (1993). A field trial of mating disruption for Helicoverpa spp. in cotton. In: Corey S, Dall D and Milne W (Eds). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne: CSIRO Press. pp 174-177. Bird L and Akhurst R (2007). Variation in susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera (Hu¨bner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Australia. J. Invert. Pathol., 94: 84–94. Broadley RH (1978). Distributions of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs and first instar larvae on pre-flowering, flue-cured tobacco plants in north Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 35: 73-76. Cacoyianni Z, Kovacs IV and Hoffmann AA (1995). Laboratory adaptation and inbreeding in Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 43: 83-90. Common IFB (1953). The Australian species of Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their pest status. Australian Journal of Zoology, 1: 319-344 Coombs M, Del Socorro AP, Fitt GP and Gregg PC (1993). The reproductive maturity and mating status of Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera and Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83: 529-534 Cooper DJ (1981). The role of predatory Hemiptera in disseminating a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis punctiger. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 20: 145-150. Cotter SC and Edwards OR (2006). Quantitative genetics of preference and performance on chickpeas in the noctuid moth, Helicoverpa armigera. Heredity, 96: 396-402. Cullen JM (1969). The reproduction and survival of Heliothis punctigera Wallengren in South Australia. PhD thesis, University of Adelaide. Daly JC and Fitt GP (1990). Monitoring for resistance in relation to body weight in adult Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 705-709. Daly JC and Fitt GP (1990). Resistance frequencies in overwintering pupae and the spring generation of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): selective mortality and gene flow. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 1682-1688 Daly JC, Fitt GP and Fisk JH (1988). Pyrethroid resistance in pupal and adult Heliothis armigera. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1988, Surfers Paradise. pp 73-78. Del Socorro AP and Gregg PC (2001) Sunflower (Helianthius annuus L.) pollen as a marker for studies of local movement in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 40: 257-263. Dillon ML, Fitt GP, Hamilton JG and Rochester WA (1996). A simulation model of wind driven dispersal of Helicoverpa moths. Ecological Modelling, 86: 145-150. Dillon GE and Fitt GP (1995). Re-assessment of sampling relationships for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australian cotton. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85: 321-329 Dillon ML and Fitt GP (1990). HEAPS. A regional model of Heliothis population dynamics. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Conference 1990, Surfers Paradise. pp 337-344 Dillon ML, Fitt GP, Hamilton JG and Rochester WA (1993). A simulation model of wind driven dispersal of Helicoverpa moths. In: McAleer M and Jakeman A (eds). Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Perth, WA. 6-10 December 1993. Uniprint, Perth. pp 1711-1716. Downes S, Mahon R, Parker T and Staines T (2006). Wanted alive: large Helicoverpa larvae from Bollgard II plants. The Aust. Cotton Grower, 27: 8–10. Drake VA, Fitt GP and Rochester WA (1993). Methodology for a comprehensive field study of adult movement in Helicoverpa spp. In: Corey S, Dall D and Milne W (eds). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne: CSIRO Press. pp 456-459. Endersby NM, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW and Weeks AR (2007). Is there genetic structure in populations of Helicoverpa armigera from Australia? Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 122: 253-263 Firempong S and Zalucki MP (1990). Host plant preferences of populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different geographic locations. Australian. Journal of Zoology, 37: 665-673. Fitt GP (1991). Chapter 7. Host selection in Heliothinae. In: Ridsdill-Smith J and Bailey W (eds). Reproductive Behaviour in Insects - Individuals and Populations. Fitt GP, Dillon ML and Hamilton JG (1995). Spatial dynamics of Helicoverpa populations in Australia: simulation modelling and empirical studies of adult movement. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 13: 177-192. Fitt GP and Dillon ML (1993). Spatial population modelling of Helicoverpa spp.: studies of adult behaviour and movement. In: Corey S, Dall D and Milne W. (eds). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne: CSIRO Press. pp 449-452. Fitt GP, Dillon ML, Gregg PC, Zalucki MP and Murray DAH (1992). The dynamics of Helicoverpa populations: can we predict? In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1992, Surfers Paradise. pp 197-207 Fitt GP, Murray DAH, Dillon ML and Daly JC (1993). Overwintering Heliothis pupae and the importance of cotton stubble cultivation. Australian Cotton Grower, 14: 50-52 Chapman and Hall. Fitt GP (1991). Ecological studies of Heliothis spp. in cropping areas. In: Twine PH, Zalucki MP (eds). A review of Heliothis research in Australia. Conference and Workshop Series QC91006. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. pp 47-62. Fitt GP (1989). The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 34: 17-52. Fitt GP (1987). Ovipositional responses of Heliothis spp. to host plant variation in cotton (Gossypzum hirsutum). In: Insects-Plants. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships (Pau 1986) (Labeyrie V, Fabres G and Lachaise D Eds.), Dr W Junk, Dordrecht. pp. 289-295. Fitt GP (1986). Host Selection in Heliothis. In: Zalucki MP and Twine PH (eds). Proceedings Heliothis Ecology Workshop 1985.University of Queensland. pp 47-59. Fitt GP, Wilson LJ, Mensah R and Daly JC (2005). Advances with Integrated Pest Management as a component of sustainable agriculture: the case of the Australian cotton industry. Fitt GP and Cotter S (2004). Chapter 4. The Helicoverpa problem in Australia. In: Sharma H (ed). Heliothis/Helicoverpa Management: Emerging Trends and Strategies for Future Research. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. pp. 45-62. Fitt GP and Matthews M (1999). Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren. In CABI Global Crop Protection Compendium. Fitt GP, Gregg PC, Zalucki MP and Murray DAH (1995). New records of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) from South Australia and Western Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 34: 65-67. Fitt GP and Mares CL (1992). Aspects of the biology and ecology of Ichneumon promissorius, a true pupal parasitoid of Helicoverpa spp. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1992, Surfers Paradise. pp 269-276. Fitt GP and Daly JC (1990). Abundance of overwintering pupae and the spring generation of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern New South Wales, Australia: consequences for pest management. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 1827-1836. Fitt GP and Daly JC (1988). The overwintering foe. Winter populations of Heliothis in cotton growing areas and the importance of stubble cultivation. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1988. Surfers Paradise. pp. 13-24. Forrester N, Cahill M, Bird L and Layland J (1993). Management of pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Bull. Entomol. Res. Suppl. Series, No. 1. Forrester NW and Fitt GP (1992). Management of insecticide resistance in Heliothis armigera - ecological and chemical countermeasures. In: Denholm I., Devonshire AL and Holloman DW (eds). Resistance 91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance. Elsevier Applied Science, London. pp. 88-99. Glenn DC, Hoffmann AA and McDonald G (1994). Resistance to pyrethroids in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from corn: adult resistance, larval resistance and fitness effects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: 1165-1171. Gregg PC (1993) Pollen as a marker for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) emigrating from western Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18: 209-219. Gregg PC, Del Socorro AP, Henderson GS, Forrester NW and Moore C (1998) Plant-based attractants for adult Helicoverpa spp. In Zalucki, M.P., Drew, R.A.I. and White, G.G. (eds.) Pest management - future challenges. University of Queensland, Brisbane. pp 342-348. Gregg PC, Fitt GP, Zalucki MP and Murray DAH (1995). Insect Migration in an arid continent II. Helicoverpa spp. in Australia. In: Drake VA, Gatehouse AG (Ed). Insect Migration: Physical Factors and Physiological Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press. pp 151-172. Gregg PC, Fitt GP, Zalucki MP, Murray DAH and McDonald G (1993). Winter breeding and spring migrations of Helicoverpa spp. from inland Australia: 1989-1991. In: Corey S, Dall D and Milne W (Eds). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne: CSIRO Press. pp 460-464. Gregg P, Fitt GP, Zalucki M and Twine P (1990). Evidence for spring migration of Heliothis spp. from inland Australia to cotton areas. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Conference 1990, Surfers Paradise. pp 327-335. Gregg PC, Twine P and Fitt GP (1987). Heliothis in non-cropping areas. Australian Cotton Grower, 8: 40-42. Grundy PR and Maelzer DA (2002). Augmentation of the assassin bug Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as a biological control agent for Helicoverpa spp. in cotton. Australian Journal of Entomology, 41: 192-196. Grundy P and Maelzer D (2000). Predation by the assassin bug Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the laboratory. Australian Journal of Entomology, 39: 280-282. Grundy PR, Sequeira R and Short S (2004). Suitability of legume species as trap crops for management of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in central Queensland cotton cropping systems. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 95: 481-486. Gunning RV and Easton CS (1994). The response of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) to DOT, endosulfan, deltamethrin and fenvalerate. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 33: 61-64. Hamilton JG and Fitt GP (1988). HEAPS. Heliothis armigera and punctigera simulation. In: Proceedings of the Australian Cotton Growers Research Conference 1988, Surfers Paradise. pp 139-145. Jallow MFA, Zalucki MP and Fitt GP (1999). Role of chemical cues from cotton in mediating host selection and oviposition behaviour in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 38: 359-366. Hill L (1993). Colour in adult Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) as an indicator of migratory origin. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 32: 145-151. Hoffmann AA, Collins E and Woods RE (2002). Wing shape and wing size changes as indicators of environmental stress in Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths: comparing shifts in means, variances and asymmetries. Environmental Entomology, 31: 965-971. Kvedaras OL, Gregg PC and Del Socorro AP (2000) Techniques used to determine the mating behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in relation to host plants. Australian Journal of Entomology, 39:188-194. Lawrence L, Tann C and Baker G (2007). Refuges harbour pests and beneficial insects: IPM management of Helicoverpa in cotton. Farming Ahead, 183: 52-54. http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pdkk.pdf Lawrence L, Tann C and Baker G (2007). Refuge crops provide refuge for more than Helicoverpa. The Australian Cottongrower, 28: 26-27. Lawrence L, Tann C and Baker G (2007). Refuge crops for Helicoverpa in Australian cotton farming systems. Outlooks on Pest Management, February 2007, pp 19-20. Lawrence L, Tann C and Baker G (2004). Changes in Helicoverpa abundance in the Namoi. The Australian Cottongrower, Cotton Yearbook 2004. pp 98-100. Lawrence L, Schellhorn N, Whitehouse M and Baker G (2003). Conserving and promoting parasitoids of Helicoverpa in cotton. Pesticide Outlook, 14: 219-221. Lawrence L, Schellhorn N, Whitehouse M and Baker G (2003). Using Helicoverpa parasitoids in cotton. In: The Australian Cottongrower. Cotton Yearbook 2003. pp 102-105. Liao C, Heckel D and Akhhurst R (2002). Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins for Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), major pests of cotton. J. Invert. Pathol., 80, 55–63. Zalucki MP, Rochester WA, Norton GA, Maelzer D, Fitt GP, Adamson D. 1998. IPM and Heliothis: what we have to do to make it work. In: Zalucki MP, Drew RAI, White GG. (Eds). Pest Management - Future Challenges Vol. 2. Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Applied Entomology Conference, Brisbane. University of Queensland Press, Brisbane. pp 107-114. Zalucki MP, Murray DAH, Gregg PC, Fitt GP, Twine PH and Jones C (1994). Ecology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) in the inland of Australia: larval sampling and host plant relationships during winter and spring. Australian Journal of Zoology, 42, 329-346. Zalucki MP, Daglish G, Firempong S and Twine P (1986). The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Australia - what do we know? Australian Journal of Zoology, 34: 779-814. Ma D, Zalucki M P, Wegener M K, Suzuki Y, Watanabe T, Yu JL and Lin XC (2005). Biological Insecticides and Their Evaluation: Using Helicoverpa spp. as a case study Entomological Research: Progress and prospect, Science Press. pp 363-386 Maelzer DA and Zalucki MP (2000). Long range forecasts of the numbers of Helicoverpa punctigera and H. armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia using the Southern Oscillation Index and the Seas Surface Temperature. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90: 133-146. Maelzer DA and Zalucki MP (1999). Analysis of long-term light-trap data for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: the effect of climate and crop host plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 89: 455-463. Matthews M (1999). Heliothine Moths of Australia: A Guide to Pest Bollworms and Related Noctuid Groups. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera, volume 7, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Vic. 320 pp. (CD-ROM version available) Mensah RK (1999). Habitat diversity: implications for the conservation and use of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. in cotton systems in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management, 45: 91-100. Mensah RK (1997). Local density responses of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. to a newly developed food supplement 'Envirofeast®' in commercial cotton in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management, 43: 221-225. Mensah RK (1996). Suppression of Helicoverpa spp. oviposition by use of the natural enemy food supplement Envirofeast®. Australian Journal of Entomology, 35: 323-329. Oertel A, Zalucki MP, Maelzer DA, Fitt GP and Sutherst R (1999). Size of the first spring generation of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and winter rain in central Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 38: 99-103. Rochester WA, Dillon ML, Fitt GP and Zalucki MP (1996). A simulation model of the long-distance migration of Helicoverpa spp. moths. Ecological Modelling, 86: 151-156. Rochester WA, Dillon ML, Fitt GP and Zalucki MP (1993). A simulation model of the long-distance migration of Helicoverpa spp. moths. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, McAleer M and Jakeman A (Eds). Perth, WA. 6-10 December 1993. Uniprint, Perth. pp 1705-1710. Rossiter L, Downes S and Mahon R (2006). Helicoverpa: species mix, parasitism and resistance monitoring. Australian Cottongrower, 26: 66-69 Sadras VO (1998). Herbivory tolerance of cotton expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: responses to damage caused by Helicoverpa spp. and to manual bud removal. Field Crops Research, 56: 287-300. Schellhorn NA, Manners A and Fitt GP (2000). Augmentation and conservation of parasitoids of Helicoverpa spp. Findings from the first field season. In: Proceedings for the 10th Cotton Conference. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Sholz B and Parker N (2004). Evaluations of different releases rates of Trichogramma pretiosum against Helicoverpa armigera eggs in sorghum and cotton. Proceedings 12th Australian Cotton Conference. pp 649-656. Sequeira R (2004). Recruitment and loss of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) juvenile stages on contaminant plants in chickpea crops Australian Journal of Entomology, 43: 164-168. Sequeira R (2004). An Overview of Helicoverpa Pest Management Research in Cotton in Central Queensland: 1996-2004. 12th Australian Cotton Conference. Broadbeach, Gold Coast, Queensland. Sequeira R (2001). Inter-seasonal population dynamics and cultural management of Helicoverpa spp. In a central Queensland cropping system. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 41: 249-259. Sequeira R (1998). Strategic management of heliothis (Helicoverpa spp) in central Queensland. QDPI Croplink Publication. Sequeira R (1998). Trap cropping – a way of managing heliothis (Helicoverpa spp.). In Proceedings, 9th Australian Cotton Conference. pp. 263-269. Broadbeach, Gold Coast, Queensland. Sequeira R and Moore A (2003). Aggregative oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in contaminated chickpea crops. Australian Journal of Entomology, 42: 29-34. Sequeira R and Moore A (2002). Cotton-chickpea mixtures for early season Helicoverpa control. Australian Cottongrower 23(1): 36-39. Sequeira R and Moore AD, MacDonald MD, Wright G and Wright L (2001). Host plant selection behaviour of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in chickpea - companion cropping systems. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 101: 1-7. Sequeira R and Playford CL (2002). Trends in Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) abundance on commercial cotton in central Queensland: Implications for pest management. Crop Protection, 21: 439-447. Sequeira R and Playford CL (2001). Abundance of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae under cotton and other crops in central Queensland: Implications for resistance management. Australian Journal of Entomology, 40: 264-269. Stanley J (1997). The seasonal abundance and impact of predatory arthropods on Helicoverpa spp. in Australian cotton fields. PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales. Stanley JM (1978). Competitive interactions between larvae of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra. Titmarsh IJ, Storey RI and Strickland GR (1990). The species composition of Helicoverpa Hardwick (Heliothis ochsenheimer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestations on tobacco in far north Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 29: 81-86. Trowell SC, Forrester NW, Garsia KA, Lang GA, Bird LJ, Hill AS, Skerritt JH and Daly JC (2000). Rapid antibody-based field test to distinguish between Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 878-891. Twine PH (1978). Effect of temperature on the development of larvae and pupae of the corn earworm, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 35: 23-28. Walden KJ (1995). Insect migration in an arid continent. The Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera and the native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera in Western Australia. In: Insect Migration: Tracking Resources Through Space and Time, Drake VA and Gatehouse AG (Eds). Cambridge University Press, New York. pp 173-190. Walker P (1998). Tachinids: A little known group of heliothis parasitoids. The Australian Cotton Grower, 19: 42–46. Walter GH and Benfield MD (1994). Temporal host-plant use in 3 polyphagous Heliothinae, with special reference to Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Australian Journal of Ecology, 19: 458-465. Waters D and Sequeira R (2000). Cereal stubble and trap crops in heliothis management. In Proceedings, 10th Australian Cotton Conference. pp. 19-26. Brisbane, Queensland Wardhaugh KG, Room PM and Greenup LR (1980). The incidence of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and other host plants in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70: 113-31. Wilson AGL (1983). Abundance and mortality of overwintering Heliothis spp. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 22: 191-199. Yee M (1998). Identifying potential habitats of predators of Helicoverpa spp in two cotton growing regions. B.Sc. (Hons) thesis. University of New England, Armidale. Zalucki MP and Furlong M (2005). Forecasting Helicoverpa populations in Australia: A comparison of regression based models and a bio-climatic based modelling approach. Insect Science, 12: 45-46.
Webworms Hednota spp		Pasture webworm Pasture webworm Webworm	Allen P (1986b). Pasture webworm. Department of Agriculture South Australia and Technical and Further Education, Fact Sheet FS 25/85. Elder RJ (1969). Flight studies of pasture webworms. Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science, 26: 599-602. Elder RJ (1965). Webworms damage Northern Tablelands pasture. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 91: 566-568. Quinlan TJ, Elder RJ and Shaw KA (1972). Webworm control in northern dairy pastures, Queensland Agricultural Journal, 28: 176-177.
Cutworms Agrotis spp.		Cutworm: pests of crops and pastures Cutworms Insects in field crops - Aphids, armyworms, cutworms, mites.	Goodyer G (1985). Cutworm caterpillars. Department of Agriculture New South Wales Agfact AE.40. Hopkins D (1982). Cutworms. Department of Agriculture South Australia, Fact Sheet FS 44/81. Potter DA and Williamson RC (1997). Behaviour and cultural control of black cutworms in golf-course turf soil invertebrates in 1997. Proceedings of the 3rd Brisbane Workshop on Soil Invertebrates, Allsopp PG, Rogers DJ and Robertson LN (Eds). pp 60-62. Williamson RC and Potter DA (1997), Oviposition of black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on creeping bentgrass putting greens and removal of eggs by mowing. Journal of Economic Entomology, 9: 590-594.
Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella	DAW00041 Improving the management of Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in canola in the Western Region DAW00132 - Improving the management of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in canola in the western region: Phase 2 UWA00041 - Biology of diamondback moth in Western Australia	Diamondback Moth Sampling Plan Diamondback Moth Diamondback moth in canola	Cook D, Mangano P, Berlandier F, Hardie D and Cousins D (2000). Managing diamond back moth in canola. Farmnote 140/2000. WA Department of Agriculture. Dongmei LI, Schellhorn NA and Schmidt O (2007). Detection of parasitism in diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) using differential melanization and coagulation reactions. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97: 399-405. Furlong MJ, Zuhua S, Shijian G, Yinquan L, Shu Sheng L and Zalucki MP (2004). 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Evaluation of fixed sample-size plans for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on broccoli crops in Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 2171-2176. Hamilton AJ, Endersby NM, Ridland PM, Zhang J and Neal M (2005). Effects of cultivar on oviposition preference, larval feeding and development time of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), on some Brassica oleracea vegetables in Victoria. Australian Journal of Entomology, 44: 284-287. Hamilton AJ, Schellhorn NA, Ridland PM, Endersby NM and Ward SA (2004). An expert system assisted binomial sequential sampling plan for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. on broccoli and cauliflower. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 127-135. Hamilton AJ, Schellhorn NA, Ridland PM, Endersby NM and Ward SA (2004). A dynamic binomial sequential sampling plan for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96: 127-135. Liu S, Chen F and Zalucki MP (2002). Development and survival of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) at constant and alternating temperatures. Environment Entomology, 31: 221 – 231. Ma J, Li D, Keller M, Schmidt O and Feng X (2005). A DNA marker to identify predation of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) by Nabis kinbergii (Hem., Nabidae) and Lycosa sp. (Aranaea, Lycosidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 129: 330-335. Saw J, Endersby NM and McKechnie SW (2006). Low mtDNA diversity among widespread Australian diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) suggests isolation and a founder effect. Insect Science, 13: 237-241. Schellhorn N, Maratos L and Bellati J (2003). Property to property movement. Final Report Horticulture Australia Limited, VG#00055 Implementing Pest Management of Diamondback Moth. pp 72-77 Vickers R, Ridland PM and Endersby NM (2001). Australia leads the way in the fight against the diamondback moth. Pesticide Outlook, 12: 185-187. Wang XG, Duff J, Keller MA, Zalucki MP, Liu SS and Bailey P (2004). Role of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in controlling Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Cage exclusion experiments and direct observation. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 571-586. Baker G (2001). Monitoring canola crops for cabbage moth. PIRSA Fact Sheet 144/620. Endersby NM, Ridland PM Hoffmann AA (2007). The effects of local selection versus dispersal on insecticide resistance patterns: longitudinal evidence from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)) in Australia evolving resistance to pyrethroids. Bulletin Entomological Research (In press). Endersby NM, McKechnie SW, Ridland PM and Weeks AR (2006). Microsatellites reveal a lack of structure in Australian populations of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Molecular Ecology, 15: 107-118. Endersby NM, McKechnie SW, Vogel H, Gahan LJ, Baxter SW, Ridland PM. and Weeks AR (2005). 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Etiella Moth	DAS00054 - Management of Etiella in lentils in southern Australia DAS00043 - Management of Etiella in lentils in southern Australia DAQ00086 Integrated pest management for pulses in northern Australia - sustainable production in a changing cropping environment	Etiella Moth Etiella Management in Lentils Etiella Moth	Austin AD, White TCR, Maelzer DA and Taylor DG (1993). Biology of Etiella behirii Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): a pest of seed lucerne in South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 117: 67-76.